Final grades result from a combination of the following:
"There is a long and painful distance between the lived Mexica [Aztec] world and the small clutter of carved stones and painted paper, the remembered images and words, from which we seek to make that world again. Historians of remote places and peoples are the romantics of the human sciences, Ahabs pursuing our great white whale, dimly aware that the whole business is, if coolly considered, rather less than reasonable. We will never catch him, and don't much want to; it is our own limitations of thought, of understandings, or imagination we test as we quarter those strange waters. And then we think we see a darkening in the deeper water, a sudden surge, the roll of a fluke—and then the heart-lifting glimpse of the great white shape, its whiteness throwing back its own particular light, there, on the glimmering horizon" (Clendinnen 1995, 275).
Complementary of this admonition is D'Alleva's warning about "confronting your assumptions" (61). Drawing snap judgments about artists' motivations or cultural practices is a fraught exercise, even more so when studying the arts of non-Western peoples. Art historians do not (or should not) claim universal knowledge or position themselves as detached observers. Rather, as with everyone else, scholars bring their own cultural contexts and experiences to their work. This phenomenon does not preclude scholars, even as we acknowledge our own subjectivity, from performing art historical analysis. But we should strive to advance our claims and arguments based on solid evidence and sound reasoning rather than assumption or claims of universality.
"All the days of my life," wrote the German artist, Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528), "I have seen nothing that rejoiced my heart so much as these things, for I saw amongst them wonderful works of art, and I marveled at the subtle ingenuity of men of foreign lands" (147).
Shown: Zapotec Anthropomorphic Urn — Postclassic Period (900-1300 CE)