Empirical research is research based on observed and measured phenomena and derives knowledge from actual experience rather than from theory or belief. An empirical article is a research article that reports the results of a study that uses data derived from actual observation or experimentation.
How can I tell if a study is empirical?
Key characteristics to look for:
- Specific research questions to be answered
- Definition of the population, behavior, or phenomena being studied
- Description of the process used to study this population or phenomena, including selection criteria, controls, and testing instruments (such as surveys)
Another hint: some scholarly journals use a specific layout, called the "IMRaD" format, to communicate empirical research findings. IMRaD is an acronym for Introduction – Method – Results – and – Discussion:
- Introduction: sometimes called "literature review" -- what is currently known about the topic -- usually includes a theoretical framework and/or discussion of previous studies--typically states the hypothesis of the research.
- Methodology: sometimes called "research design" -- a description of how the research was conducted and how to recreate the study -- usually describes the participants, study design, and analytical tools
- Results: sometimes called "findings" --describes the outcomes --what was learned through the study -- usually appears as statistical data or as substantial quotations from research participants
- Discussion: sometimes called "conclusion" or "implications" -- why the study is important -- usually describes how the research results influence professional practices or future studies
Credits: The Empirical Research portion of this guide was adapted with permission from
Elyssa Cahoy's "Empirical Research in Education and the Behavioral/Social Sciences" Library Guide. Please see Penn State University Library for additional information.